ΦE is scalar or vector?

ΦE is scalar or vector?

• A. Scalar
• B. Vector
• C. Tensor
• D. Pseudoscalar

Answer: (A)

The quantity in question is electric flux, defined as the surface integral of the electric field dotted with the area element: Φ_E = ∮ E · dA. The dot product E · dA contracts the vector field with a vector surface element, giving a scalar at each point. When you integrate those scalars over the surface, you obtain a single scalar value. The sign of the result encodes orientation (whether field lines pass through the surface in the outward or inward sense), but there is no inherent direction attached to the flux itself. So Φ_E is a scalar.

The quantity in question is electric flux, defined as the surface integral of the electric field dotted with the area element: Φ_E = ∮ E · dA. The dot product E · dA contracts the vector field with a vector surface element, giving a scalar at each point. When you integrate those scalars over the surface, you obtain a single scalar value. The sign of the result encodes orientation (whether field lines pass through the surface in the outward or inward sense), but there is no inherent direction attached to the flux itself. So Φ_E is a scalar.